Article: Ambitious competency project launched

Ambitious competency project launched
http://forensicpsychologist.blogspot.com/2012/02/ambitious-competency-project-launched.html

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Article: STUDY ALERT: Role of test motivation in intelligence testing

STUDY ALERT: Role of test motivation in intelligence testing
http://scottbarrykaufman.com/article/study-alert-role-of-test-motivation-in-intelligence-testing/

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Article: Do we need a diagnostic manual for mental illness?

Do we need a diagnostic manual for mental illness?
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/feb/10/diagnostic-manual-mental-illness?CMP=twt_gu

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Article: Rehavi & Starr on Racial Disparities in Charging and Sentencing

Rehavi & Starr on Racial Disparities in Charging and Sentencing
http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/crimprof_blog/2012/02/rehavi-starr-on-racial-disparities-in-charging-and-sentencing.html

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Atkins MR/ID death penalty court decisions: Richardson v Branker (NC, 2012) and Hearn v Thaler (TX, 2012)

Thanks (again) to Kevin Foley for sending two more recent Atkins decsions.

Richardson v Branker (NC, 2012)

Hearn v Thaler (TX, 2012)

Of interest in the Hearn case is that he had two IQ scores (88, 93) well above the bright-line cut score of 70. Hearn's defense tried to argue for a more expansive definition of mental retardation based on neuropsychological testing and a diagnosis of fetal alchohol syndrome (FAS). Hearn's prior 2010 decision is also available.

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IAP Applied Psychometrics 101 Brief Report # 11: What is the typical IQ and adaptive behavior correlation?

What is the typical relation (correlation) between standardized measures of adaptive behavior (AB)  and measures of intelligence (IQ)?  This is an important question given the role both play in the definition diagnosis of mental retardation (MR) / intellectual disability (ID). 

During the late 1970's and 1980's this was an active area of research.  Numerous studies were published that reported correlations between a wide variety of adaptive behavior scales and intelligence tests.  Probably the best synthesis of this research was provided by Harrison (1987).  Harrison's review included a table of over 40+ correlations.  This is Table 2 in the above referenced and linked article.  Harrison concluded, as have most others who have reviewed the literature, that "the majority of correlations fall in the moderate range" (p.39).  When the correlations with maladaptive measures are excluded from Harrison's table, the correlations range from .03 to .91.  This is a wide range.  Harrison could not identify a specific explanation for the variability or range of correlations.  Harrison speculated that variables might impact the magnitude of the correlations were the specific adaptive behavior or measure of intelligence used and differences in sample variability.

Subsequently the Committee on Disability Determination for Mental Retardation published a National Research Council report (Mental Retardation:  Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits; Reschly, Meyers & Hartel, 2001) that also addressed the AB/IQ relation. The report concluded that AB/IQ studies report correlations "ranging from 0 (indicating no relationship) to almost +1 (indicating a perfect relationship).  Data also suggest that the relationship between IQ and adaptive behavior varies significantly by age and levels of retardation, being strongest in the severe and moderate ranges and weakest in the mild range.  There is a dearth of data on the relationship of IQ and adaptive behavior functioning at the mild level of retardation" (p. 8).  Factors identified as moderating the AB/IQ correlation were scale content, measurement of competences versus perceptions, sample variability, ceiling and floor problems of the scales, and level of mental retardation.

Given the above, it is hard to render an objective statement on the approximate typical AB/IQ correlation.  With this in mind, an informal research synthesis was completed and is reported here.

First, only the AB/IQ correlations (IQ/maladaptive correlations were excluded) from Harrison's 1987 table were extracted (n = 43 correlations).  Then, the technical manuals for the current editions of the three most frequently used contemporary adaptive behavior scales were reviewed for additional correlations.  This included the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Sparrow, Cicchetti & Balla, 2005; n = 2 correlations of .12, .20) and the Adaptive Behavior Scales--II (Harrison & Oakland, 2008; n = 10 correlations ranging from .39 to .67; median = .51).

Although six different correlations were reported in the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised manual (SIB-R; Bruininks, Woodcock, Weatherman & Hill, 1996), the values were not used as they are inflated estimates when compared to the type of correlations typically reported.  For example, very high correlations of .79, .82 and .91 are reported for certain groups.  A close reading of the tables reveals that the SIB-R correlations with either the WJ or WJ-R intelligence test were calculated on the basis of the W-score growth metric.   By definition, a growth metric includes age variance.  If correlations are reported across wide age groups the correlations convey variance related to the correlation between the AB  and IQ constructs but also contains shared variance due to the influence of general age-base development (age).  Thus, the SIB and SIB-R correlations with IQ, although not wrong and providing different information, are not comparable to all other reported correlations where age variance has been removed (typically by correlating age-based standard scores).  Clear evidence for this point comes from McGrew and Bruininks (1990) who used the same SIB/WJ subject data reported in the SIB and SIB-R manuals, but who removed the W-score confounded age variance prior to the calculation of latent factor correlations (via confirmatory factor analysis) between latent practical intelligence (SIB adaptive behavior) and conceptual intelligence (WJ IQ) factors.  The resulting AB/IQ correlations for three different age groups were .38, .56 and .58--far below the values in the .70 to .92 range.  Thus, the values from McGrew and Bruininks (1990) were included for estimates of the SIB/SIB-R IQ correlations in the current synthesis. 

Finally, latent AB/IQ correlations (as estimated from confirmatory factor analysis models)  of .27 and .39 were included from Ittenbach, Spiegel, McGrew and Bruininks (1992) and Keith, Fehrmann,Harrison and Pottebaum (1987), respectively.  This process resulted in the addition of 17 AB/IQ correlations to the 43 from Harrison, for a total of 60 correlations.

Descriptive statistics for this collection of 60 AB/IQ correlations are as follows: range of correlations from .12 to .90,  a mean of .51 and a median of .48, and a standard deviation of .20.  Below is a figure that includes a frequency polygon (and smoothed normal curve overlay) and a box-whisker plot of the data set.  A review of the box and whisker plot (at the bottom) shows the median correlation (.48) as a vertical line within the rectangle.  The rectangle includes the 50% middle of the distributions of correlations and shows an approximate range of just below .40 to just above .65.  Of particular note is the shape of the frequency polygon and smoothed normal curve.  The shape of the frequency polygon is consistent with a normal curve.  In quantitative research synthesis this type of normal distribution suggests that total data set included in the review is not biased--both studies that are likely under- or overestimates of the "true" population correlation (due to method or sampling factors) are included.  More importantly, the "bunching" up of the majority of the correlations in the middle provide confidence that the median of this distribution is a reasonable unbiased estimate of the populaiton correaltion.  This type of relatively normal distribution suggests that the current collection of 60 AB/IQ correlations is likely a reasonable approximation of the complete set of population AB/IQ correlations.

Based on this informal (and admittedly incomplete review of all possible AB/IQ correlation research) one can conclude that a reasonable estimate of the typical AB/IQ correlation is approximately .50 (mean = .51; median = .48), with most ranging from approximately .40 to .65.  This finding is consistent with Harrison's 1987 conclusion of a "moderate" correlation.  The current analysis continues to reinforce Harrison's (and others) conclusions that adaptive behavior and intelligence are statistically related constructs, but  they are still independent.   An average correlation of .50 indicates that AB and IQ share approximately 25 % common variance (approximately 15% to 40 % common variance if one looks at the range of the 50% middle of the distribution of values).  In practical terms this means that for any individual, standard scores from AB and IQ tests will frequently diverge and not always be consistent.  

Harrison (1987) provides a nice explanation for the primary reasons for the moderate correlation between AB and IQ.  Her quote is reproduced below

Numerous caveats need to be applied to this analysis and report.  The most important are:

• A comprehensive review of all possible published and unpublished AB/IQ research studies was not completed.  Clearly there are more studies "out there" that could be added to the synthesis. 
• The analysis makes no attempt to determine if there are moderator effects.  That is, is the typical correlation likely to systematically vary as a function of AB measures, IQ measures, variability in the sample's level of functioning, manifest/measured versus latent variable correlations, level of ability, etc.? 
•  This has not been peer reviewed.

 It is hoped that this ad hoc update of Harrison's (1987) review, augmented by quantitive organizational methods, will serve to stimulate a formal meta-analysis by others (hint---a nice study or thesis for someone?)

NY Times editorial on "Race and Death Penalty Juries"

NY Times editorial on "Race and Death Penalty Juries"
http://sentencing.typepad.com/sentencing_law_and_policy/2012/02/ny-times-editorial-on-race-and-death-penalty-juries.html

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Article: California adopts Edwards: OK to deny self-representation to mentally ill

California adopts Edwards: OK to deny self-representation to mentally ill
http://forensicpsychologist.blogspot.com/2012/02/california-adopts-edwards-ok-to-deny.html

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Atkins death penalty court decision: Tharpe v Humphrey (GA, 2008, 2012)

Thanks to Kevin Foley for alerting me to a new decision re: Tharpe v Humphrey (GA; 2008, 2012).

I have not reviewed these documents and have no comments a this time.

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Canadian WAIS-IV: New cognitive proficiency index scores now available

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Book nook: Forensic Psychology: Crime, Justice, Law, Interventions, 2nd Edition

Forensic Psychology: Crime, Justice, Law, Interventions, 2nd Edition
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119991951.html

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Research brief: Executive function weaknesses related to anti-social syndromes: New meta-analysis

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Article: Cultural Competency and the Death Penalty – Memphis, TN

Cultural Competency and the Death Penalty – Memphis, TN
http://legalscholarshipblog.com/2012/01/26/cultural-competency-and-the-death-penalty-memphis-tn-2/

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Article: "Effects of Neuroimaging Evidence on Mock Juror Decision Making"

"Effects of Neuroimaging Evidence on Mock Juror Decision Making"
http://kolber.typepad.com/ethics_law_blog/2012/01/effects-of-neuroimaging-evidence-on-mock-juror-decision-making.html

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Book Nook: Contemporary Intellectual Assessment, Third Edition: Theories, Tests, and Issues

Hot of the press

Contemporary Intellectual Assessment, Third Edition: Theories, Tests, and Issues [Hardcover]. Dawn P. Flanagan PhD (Editor), Patti L. Harrison Phd (Editor)

I. The Origins of Intellectual Assessment

1. A History of Intelligence Assessment: The Unfinished Tapestry, John D. Wasserman

2. A History of Intelligence Test Interpretation, Randy W. Kamphaus, Anne Pierce Winsor, Ellen W. Rowe,and Sangwon Kim

II. Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives

3. Foundations for Better Understanding of Cognitive Abilities, John L. Horn and Nayena Blankson

4. The Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) Model of Intelligence, W. Joel Schneider and Kevin S. McGrew

5. Assessment of Intellectual Profile: A Perspective from Multiple-Intelligences Theory, Jie-Qi Chen andHoward Gardner

6. The Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence, Robert J. Sternberg

7. Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive (PASS): A Cognitive Processing–Based Theory of Intelligence, Jack A. Naglieri, J. P. Das, and Sam Goldstein

III. Contemporary Intelligence, Cognitive, and Neuropsychological Batteries (and Associated Achievement Tests)

8. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) and the Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Edition (WMS-IV), Lisa Whipple Drozdick, Dustin Wahlstrom, Jianjun Zhu, and Lawrence G. Weiss

9. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Third Edition (WPPSI–III), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition (WISC–IV), and the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Third Edition (WIAT–III), Dustin Wahlstrom, Kristina C. Breaux, Jianjun Zhu, and Lawrence G. Weiss

10. The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), Gale H. Roid and Mark Pomplun

11. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (KABC-II) and the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement–Second Edition (KTEA-II), Jennie Kaufman Singer, Elizabeth O. Lichtenberger, James C. Kaufman, Alan S. Kaufman, and Nadeen L. Kaufman

12. The Woodcock–Johnson III Normative Update (WJ III NU): Tests of Cognitive Abilities and Tests of Achievement, Fredrick A. Schrank and Barbara J. Wendling

13. The Differential Ability Scales–Second Edition (DAS-II), Colin D. Elliott

14. The Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT): A Multidimensional Nonverbal Alternative for Cognitive Assessment, R. Steve McCallum and Bruce A. Bracken

15. The Cognitive Assessment System (CAS): From Theory to Practice, Jack A. Naglieri and Tulio M. Otero

16. The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) and the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST), Cecil R. Reynolds, Randy W. Kamphaus, and Tara C. Raines

17. The NEPSY-II, Robb N. Matthews, Cynthia A. Riccio, and John L. Davis

18. The Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV): Assessment of Diverse Populations, Jack A. Naglieriand Tulio M. Otero

IV. Contemporary Interpretive Approaches and Their Relevance for Intervention

19. The Cross-Battery Assessment (XBA) Approach: An Overview, Historical Perspective, and Current Directions, Dawn P. Flanagan, Vincent C. Alfonso, and Samuel O. Ortiz

20. Cognitive Hypothesis Testing (CHT): Linking Test Results to the Real World, Catherine A. Fiorello, James B. Hale, and Kirby L. Wycoff

21. Processing Approaches to Interpreting Information from Cognitive Ability Tests: A Critical Review,Randy G. Floyd and John H. Kranzler

22. Testing with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations: Moving beyond the Verbal–Performance Dichotomy into Evidence-Based Practice, Samuel O. Ortiz, Salvador Hector Ochoa, and Agnieszka M. Dynda

23. Linking Cognitive Abilities to Academic Interventions for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD), Nancy Mather and Barbara J. Wendling

V. Assessment of Intelligence and Cognitive Functioning in Different Populations

24. Cognitive Assessment in Early Childhood: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives, Laurie Ford, Michelle L. Kozey, and Juliana Negreiros

25. Use of Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Giftedness, David E. McIntosh, Felicia A. Dixon, andEric E. Pierson

26. Use of Ability Tests in the Identification of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) within the Context of an Operational Definition, Dawn P. Flanagan, Vincent C. Alfonso, Jennifer T. Mascolo, and Marlene Sotelo-Dynega

27. Assessment of Intellectual Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Laura Grofer Klinger, Sarah E. O’Kelley, Joanna L. Mussey, Sam Goldstein, and Melissa DeVries

28. Cognitive and Neuropsychological Assessment of ADHD: Redefining a Disruptive Behavior Disorder,James B. Hale, Megan Yim, Andrea N. Schneider, Gabrielle Wilcox, Julie N. Henzel, and Shauna G. Dixon

29. Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment of Individuals with Sensory and Physical Disabilities and Traumatic Brain Injury, Scott L. Decker, Julia A. Englund, and Alycia M. Roberts

30. Use of Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Kathleen Armstrong, Jason Hangauer, and Joshua Nadeau

VI. Contemporary and Emerging Issues in Intellectual Assessment

31. Using Joint Test Standards to Evaluate the Validity Evidence for Intelligence Tests, Jeffery P. Bradenand Bradley C. Niebling

32. Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to Aid in Understanding the Constructs Measured by Intelligence Tests, Timothy Z. Keith and Matthew R. Reynolds

33: The Emergence of Neuropsychological Constructs into Tests of Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities,Daniel C. Miller and Denise E. Maricle

34. The Role of Cognitive and Intelligence Tests in the Assessment of Executive Functions, Denise E. Maricle and Erin Avirett

35. Intelligence Tests in the Context of Emerging Assessment Practices: Problem-Solving Applications,Rachel Brown-Chidsey and Kristina J. Andren

36. Intellectual, Cognitive, and Neuropsychological Assessment in Three-Tier Service Delivery Practices in Schools, George McCloskey, James Whitaker, Ryan Murphy, and Jane Rogers

Appendix. The Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities, John B. Carroll




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Dr. Stephen Greenspan on the definition of MR/ID: The definition is all (or mostly) wet.

In his speech when accepting the 2011 APA Division 33 Jacobson award, Stephen Greenspan made the following comment

Unfortunately, the typical Atkins hearing is less a quest for the truth about individuals than it is a quest for the truth about IQ or adaptive behavior test scores. This is not a new concern, but the much higher stakes in capital cases bring the inadequacies in defining and diagnosing ID into greater relief. Unfortunately, the “physics emulation” phenomenon seems to be getting worse rather than better, in part because the same “scientistic” (superficial embrace of scientific trappings) emphasis on SD‐based cutting scores that has characterized the prong one (intelligence) now seems to have taken over prong two (adaptive functioning), as reflected in new wording in both AAIDD‐11 and in a DSM‐5 draft. Concern about the need for a more responsible approach to testifying in Atkins cases has brought about efforts by myself and colleagues about how ID should and should not be evaluated in criminal proceedings (Greenspan, 2009d, 2011b).

Dr. Greenspan has been an extremely vocal and consistent critique of past and current definitions of intellectual disability. An abridged version of his complete speech was printed in the latest APA Division 33 newsletter (click here and go to page 4), with a note at the end indicating that those who want a copy of the entire speech should contact Dr. Greenspan.

Kudos to Dr. Greenspan for his continued efforts to improve the definition of MR/ID


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Do sexually aroused men score higher on IQ tests? A matter of life or death

Thanks to Kevin Foley (again) for sending me a new Atkins MR/ID death penalty decision--Pizzuto v Blades (2012, Idaho). I have not read the entire decision, but one interesting point has been brought to my attention.

Pizzuto's lawyers argued that his 1996 IQ score may have been inflated due to the testing being conducted by a very attractive female psychometrician. We all know that some test-specific variables can impact the reliability and precision of an IQ score, but there is no research suggesting that a man can score close to 14 points higher simply to impress an attractive examiner. Nice try defense...but a swing and a miss.

As stated on page 30 of the decision, Pizzuto may have been motivated to perform better than he otherwise would have "because Dr. Beaver’s ‘very attractive' female psychometrician administered the test . . . . Based on this, he claims that it would be appropriate to decrease the 1996 score by nearly a standard deviation, or 14 points, due to the presence of an attractive test administrator.” [pg 30].


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Atkins MR/ID death penalty court decisions: Update on Hines v Thaler (TX, 2011)

An update on Hines v Thaler (2011) which has had two prior decisions posted at the ICDP blog.



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WJ III cognitive test deficits--base rates of number of deficient tests

Kudos to Scott Decker, Joel Schneider and Brad Hale for the excellent article on how to estimate base rates for the number of deficient test scores (using various levels of standard score deficit criteria (e.g., SS <= 80; SS <=70) in the Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ III) Standard and Extended cognitive batteries (tests 1-14). Not surprisingly, they find that the number of relative weaknesses a person displays is most likely more than most clinicians would believe.

Of more practical significance is a series of smoothed figures they provide, by age, which would allow clinicians to determine the base rate significance of number of deviant WJ III cognitive tests (from primary 14 tests).

Conflict of interest disclosure - I am a coauthor of the WJ III

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How to estimate best IQ score if someone has taken multiple IQ tests: The psychometric magic of Dr. Joel Schneider

Dr. Joel Schneider has posted an excellent explanation on how to estimate a person's "true IQ score" when a person has taken multiple IQ tests at different times. Probably the most important take-away message is one should never calculated the simple arithmetic average. The median would be more appropriate, but Joel provides and even more psychometrically sound method and an Excel spreadhsheet for implementing his excellent logic and methods.



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Blogging lite: On a REAL vacation...Jimmy Buffet?

Not having had a real vacation in years (all others have been tied to conferences or professional trips), the blogmaster is taking a REAL cruise vacation, with my lovely Lady Di, utill Jan 22.

I will not be blogging, or may be blogging lite (push FYI posts) from wherever the ship is at. Jimmy Buffet...here I come




I shall return.





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Article: Do Brain Scans Sway Juries?

Do Brain Scans Sway Juries?
http://neuroskeptic.blogspot.com/2012/01/do-brain-scans-sway-juries.html

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Research byte: The Flynn Effect in South Africa

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Sijtsma on the "Future of Psychometrics: Ask what psychometrics can do for psychology"

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Coalition for DSM-5 reform call for independent reviews and letters

The Coalition for DSM-5 has announced an open letter campaign to solicit independent reviews and feedback regarding DSM-5. - Posted using BlogPress from Kevin McGrew's iPad

Article: Could an iTunes-like model work with scientific publishing? : Discovering Biology in a Digital World

Could an iTunes-like model work with scientific publishing? : Discovering Biology in a Digital World
http://scienceblogs.com/digitalbio/2012/01/could_an_itunes-like_model_wor.php

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Article: Appealability and Time Limits on Habeas

Appealability and Time Limits on Habeas
http://www.crimeandconsequences.com/crimblog/2012/01/appealability-and-time-limits-.html

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Atkin's MR/ID Death Penalty Court Decision: Sanchez v PA (2010)

Sanchez v PA (2010) showed up in my inbox late last week. I have not read it but am adding it to the court decision blogroll. It was communicated to me that it is an important case for those in PA (since it sets the standard for resolving Atkins cases in that state) and because of the nice summary it provides regarding what other stats have done with Atkins cases. - Posted using BlogPress from Kevin McGrew's iPad

Technorati Tags: intelligence,intelligence testing,mental retardation,intellectual disability,Atkins MR,Atkins ID,Atkins cases,ICDP blog,psychology,school psychology,neuropsychology,forensic psychology,criminal psychology,criminal justice,death penalty,capital punishment,ABA,IQ tests,IQ scores,psychometrics,adaptive behavior,AAIDD,mental retardation,intellectual disability,Sanchez v PA (2010)

Criminal Law and Philosophy, Vol. 6, Issue 1 - New Issue Alert

Sunday, January 8 Dear Valued Customer, We are pleased to deliver your requested table of contents alert for Criminal Law and Philosophy. Volume 6 Number 1 is now available on SpringerLink Register for Springer's email services providing you with info on the latest books in your field. ... More! In this issue: Original Paper Criminalising Anti-Social Behaviour Andrew Cornford Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Original Paper What is Inhuman Treatment? Kevin J. Murtagh Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Original Paper A Human Right not to be Punished? Punishment as Derogation of Rights J. D. Shepherd Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Original Paper Criminalizing Health-Related Behaviors Dangerous to Others? Disease Transmission, Transmission-Facilitation, and the Importance of Trust Leslie Pickering Francis & John G. Francis Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Original Paper How to Argue About Prostitution Michelle Madden Dempsey Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Original Paper "Moore or Less" Causation and Responsibility Larry Alexander & Kimberly Kessler Ferzan Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Original Paper Review of "Crime and Culpability: A Theory of Criminal Law" David Dolinko Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Book Review Vera Bergelson: Victims' Rights and Victims' Wrongs Christopher Bennett Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF Book Review Susan Easton: Prisoners' Rights: Principles and Practice Richard L. Lippke Abstract    Full text HTML    Full text PDF

Article: Perlin on Pathological Altruism

Perlin on Pathological Altruism
http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/crimprof_blog/2012/01/perlin-on-pathological-altruism-.html

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