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An attempt to provide understandable and up-to-date information regarding intelligence testing, intelligence theories, personal competence, adaptive behavior and intellectual disability (mental retardation) as they relate to death penalty (capital punishment) issues. A particular focus will be on psychological measurement, statistical and psychometric issues.
Wednesday, March 30, 2011
FYiPOST: Robinson on Coercive Indoctrination and "Rotten Social Background"
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FYiPOST: Pardo & Patterson on Neuroscience and Retributivism
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Sunday, March 27, 2011
FYiPOST: Top-Ten Recent SSRN Downloads
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IAP Applied Psychometrics 101 Report #10: "Just say no" to averaging IQ subtest scores
Do psychologists who include simple pseudo-composite scores in their reports, or make interpretations and recommendations based on such scores, have a professional responsibility to alert recipients of psychological reports (e.g., lawyers, the courts, parents, special education staff, other mental health practitioners, etc.) of the potential amount of error in their statements when simple pseudo-composite scores are the foundation of some of their statements? We believe "yes."
Simple pseudo-composite scores, in contrast to norm-based scores (i.e., composite scores with norms provided by test publishers/authors--e.g., Wechsler Verbal Comprehension Index), contain significant sources of error. Although they have intuitive appeal, this appeal cloaks hidden sources of error in the scores---with the amount of error being a function of a combination of psychometric variables.
IAP Applied Psychometrics 101 Report #10 addresses the psychometric issues involved in pseudo-composite scores.
In the report we offer recommendations and resources that allow users to calculate psychometrically sound pseudo-composites when they are deemed important and relevant to the interpretation of a person's assessment results.
Finally, understanding the sources of error in simple pseudo-composite scores provides an opportunity for practitioners to understand the paradoxical phenomenon frequently observed in practice where norm-based or psychometrically sound pseudo-composite scores are often higher (or lower) than the subtest scores that comprise the composite. The "total does not equal the average of the parts" phenomenon is explained conceptually, statistically, and via an interesting visual explanation based on trigonometry.
Abstract
The publishers and authors of intelligence test batteries provide norm-based composite scores based on two or more individual subtests. In practice, clinicians frequently form hypotheses based on combinations of tests for which norm-based composite scores are not available. In addition, with the emergence of Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory as the consensus psychometric theory of intelligence, clinicians are now more frequently “crossing batteries” to form composites intended to represent broad or narrow CHC abilities. Beyond simple “eye-balling” of groups of subtests, clinicians at times compute the arithmetic average of subtest scaled or standard scores (pseudo-composites). This practice suffers from serious psychometric flaws and can lead to incorrect diagnoses and decisions. The problems with pseudo-composite scores are explained and recommendations made for the proper calculation of special composite scores.
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intelligence IQ tests IQ testing IQ scores CHC intelligence theory CHC theory Cattell-Horn-Carroll human cognitive abilities psychology school psychology individual differences cognitive psychology neuropsychology psychology special education educational psychology psychometrics psychological assessment psychological measurement IQs Corner general intelligence standard scores IQ subtests Wechsler IQ subtests IQ part scores IQ composite scores cross-battery assessment applied Psychometrics psychological measurement
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Friday, March 25, 2011
FYiPOST: "Neuroscientific Challenges to Retributivism"
The title of this post is the title of this notable book chapter by Professors Michael Pardo and Dennis Patterson available via SSRN. Here is the abstract:
We examine two recent challenges to retribution-based justifications for criminal punishment based on neuroscientific evidence. The first seeks to undermine retributivism because of the brain activity of subjects engaged in punishment decisions for retributive (as opposed to consequentialist) reasons. This challenge proceeds by linking retributivism with deontological moral theories and the brain activity correlated with deontological moral judgments. The second challenge seeks to undermine retributivism by exposing, through neuroscientific information, the purportedly implausible foundation on which retributivism depends: one based on free will and folk psychology.
We conclude that neither challenge succeeds. The first challenge fails, in part, because the brain activity of punishers does not provide the appropriate criteria for whether judgments regarding criminal punishment are justified or correct. Moreover, retributivism does not necessarily depend on the success or failure of any particular moral theory. The second challenge fails because neuroscience does not undermine the conceptions of free will or folk psychology on which retributivism depends. Along the way, we point out a number of faulty inferences and problematic assumptions and presuppositions involved in these challenges to retributivism.
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Thursday, March 24, 2011
FYiPOST: The Death Penalty from an International Perspective
A recent book by Sanaz Alasti, "Cruel and Unusual Punishment: Comparative Perspective in International Conventions, the United States and Iran," explores the question of what constitutes cruel and unusual punishment on an international level. The book reviews current practices in both Iran and the United States, focusing on the death penalty and the harshness of such practices as corporal punishment, long terms of imprisonment, and inflexibile laws mandating punishment. Punishments are particularly examined in light of the universal declaration of human rights. Sanaz Alasti is a Fellow at Harvard law school, and has written numerous books and articles on various aspects of comparative criminal justice and penology.
(S. Alasti, "Cruel and Unusual Punishment: Comparative Perspective in International Conventions, the United States and Iran," Vandeplas Publishing 2009). See more Books.
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FYiPOST: Neuroscience in courtrooms
Article in latest SA
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By Richard AllenThe Enemy within: A New Pattern of Antibiotic ResistanceA new pattern of antibiotic resistance that is spreading around the globe may soon leave us defenseless against a frighteningly wide range of dangerous bacterial infections
By Maryn McKennaSolving the Cocktail Party ProblemComputers have great trouble deciphering voices that are speaking simultaneously. That may soon change
By Graham P. CollinsNeuroscience in the CourtroomBrain scans and other types of neurological evidence are rarely a factor in trials today. Someday, however, they could transform judicial views of personal credibility and responsibility
By Michael S. GazzanigaNatural-Born KillerLethal from day one, the tentacled snake uses surprisingly sly tactics to capture fish
By Kenneth C. CataniaFood FightGenetically modified crops, says agro-research czar Roger Beachy, receive an unjustified shellacking from environmentalists
By Brendan BorrellThe Orderly Chaos of ProteinsTo do their magic in the cell, proteins must fold into rigid shapes—or so standard wisdom says. But a more tangled story is beginning to emerge
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Monday, March 21, 2011
FYiPOST: The Dana Foundation on the NYC Law and the Brain Conference
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Law Review Article: Haug & Baird (2011)-Essay: Finding the Error in Daubert
Thanks to Kevin Foley for sending this thought provoking Hastings Law Review Article on the Daubert standard by Haug and Baird (2011) re: scientific evidence. As an applied psychometrician, I find it interesting that the three types of error described mirror the three general classes of unreliability/error we measurement folks address in test development. The article will be added to the ICDP Law Review Article blogroll.
The authors focus on the "known rate of error" factor of Daubert, and they suggest a new test.
"If an expert can account for the measurement error, the random error,
and the systematic error in his evidence, then he ought to be permitted
to testify. On the other hand, if he should fail to account for any one or
more of these three types of error, then his testimony ought not be
admitted."
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intelligence intelligence testing Atkins cases ICDP blog psychology school psychology neuropsychology Forensic psychology criminal psychology criminal justice death penalty capital punishment ABA IQ tests IQ scores adaptive behavior AAIDD mental retardation intellectual disability Law Review Articles Daubert Standard measurement error reliability systematic error unsystematic error
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FYiPOST: Notable new forthcoming book on juve crime and punishment
Professors Christopher Slobogin and Mark Fondacaro have a new forthcoming book on juvenile justice which is titled "Juveniles at Risk: A Plea for Preventive Justice." This is the abstract the authors have now posted on SSRN:
<snip>......
This book is especially timely in the wake of the Supreme Court's work last year in Graham v. Florida. Though Graham involved constitutional limits on punishment, the ruling should be viewed by legislatures as a call to begin re-thinking the modern approach to juvenile crime and punishment more broadly.
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Sunday, March 20, 2011
FYiPOST: Top-Ten Recent SSRN Downloads
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Saturday, March 19, 2011
FYiPOST: Ethics and the Brain - Columbia, MO
The University of Missouri presents the 7th Annual Life Sciences & Society Symposium, Ethics & the Brain March 19-20, 2011.
Adam Kolber (Brooklyn Law) will present The Experiential Future of the Law (available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1488444) on March 19. mw
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Thursday, March 17, 2011
FYiPOST: University of Missouri Neuroethics Symposium
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Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Does the WAIS-III measure the same intellectual abilities in MR/ID individuals?
The abstract is self-explanatory--the authors conclude that the WAIS-III four-factor structure is not validated in an MR/ID population. I can hear a lawyer now--"so Dr. __________, according to MacLean et al. the WAIS-III doesn't measure the same abilities in individuals with MR/ID...so aren't your results questionable?"
A close read of the article suggests the results should be take with a serious grain of salt. In fact, the discussion is primarily a discussion of the various methodological and statistical reasons why the published 4-factor model may not have fit.
As is often the case when dealing with samples of convenience (the authors own words), especially samples of individuals at the lower end of the ability continuum, the variables often show significant problems with non-normality and skew. This is present in this sample. Given that we are dealing with SEM-based statistics, the problem is actually one of not meeting the assumption of multivariate normality. The variables also showed restricted SD's---restricted range of talent, a condition that dampens correlations in a matrix.
While doing extensive modeling research at the Institute for Community Integration at the University of Minnesota, an institute devoted to individuals with MR/ID/DD, I was constantly faced with data sets with these problems. As a result, I was constantly faced with model fit statistics that were much lower than the standard acceptable rules-of-thumbs for model fit statistics...which reflected the less than statistical and distributional robustness of such sample data. The best way to overcome the resultant low model fits (after trying transformations of the variables to different scales), was to compare the fit of competing models. The best fitting model, when compared to competing models, may still show a relatively poor absolute fit value (when compared to the standard rules of thumb), but by demonstrating that it was the best when compared to alternatives, the case could be made that it was still the best possible model given the constraints of the sample data.
This leads to the MAJOR flaw of this study. Although the authors discuss the sample problems above, they only tested one model...the WAIS-III four-factor model. They then looked at the absolute value of the fit statistics and concluded that the 4-factor model was not a good fit. I see this as a major flaw. Since the standard rules-of-thumb for absolute magnitude of fit stats may no longer hold in samples with statistical and distributional problems, they should have specified competing models (e.g., two-factor; CHC-model, single factor, etc.) and then compared the relative model fit statistics before rendering a conclusion.
Finally, as the authors correctly point out, the current results, even with the flaws above, may simply reflect the well-established finding that the differentiation of cognitive abilities is less for lower functioning individuals, and more for higher functioning. This is Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) [Click here for an interesting recent discussion of SLODR]
Bottom line for the blogmaster--I judge the authors conclusions to be overstated for the reasons noted above, particularly the failure to compare the 4-factor model to alternative models. It is very possible that the 4-factor model may be the best fitting model given the statistical and distributional constraints of the underlying sample data.
Abstract
Intellectual assessment is central to the process of diagnosing an intellectual disability and the assessment process needs to be valid and reliable. One fundamental aspect of validity is that of measurement invariance, i.e. that the assessment measures the same thing in different populations. There are reasons to believe that measurement invariance of the Wechsler scales may not hold for people with an intellectual disability. Many of the issues which may influence factorial invariance are common to all versions of the scales. The present study, therefore, explored the factorial validity of the WAIS-III as used with people with an intellectual disability. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess goodness of fit of the proposed four factor model using 13 and 11 subtests. None of the indices used suggested a good fit for the model, indicating a lack of factorial validity and suggesting a lack of measurement invariance of the assessment with people with an intellectual disability. Several explanations for this and implications for other intellectual assessments were discussed.
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Monday, March 14, 2011
General intelligence: Interesting discussion on SLODR - Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns
Interesting discussion of research on Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (aka SLODR) at COG-IQ blog
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intelligence IQ tests IQ testing IQ scores CHC intelligence theory CHC theory Cattell-Horn-Carroll human cognitive abilities psychology school psychology individual differences cognitive psychology neuropsychology psychology special education educational psychology psychometrics psychological assessment psychological measurement IQs Corner SLODR general intelligence
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Sunday, March 13, 2011
Atkins MR/ID death penalty decisions: Albarran v AL, Johnson v MO, Ybarra v NV
Time to push out the back log. I had intended to read the three following decisions and make some introductory comments related to each, but time does not permit. The following are three recent Atkins MR/ID death penalty decisions that will be added to the Court Decisions blogroll.
Johnson v Missouri (2011, 2008)
Albarran v Alabama (2011)
Ybarra v Nevada (2011)
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intelligence intelligence testing Atkins cases ICDP blog psychology school psychology neuropsychology Forensic psychology criminal psychology criminal justice death penalty capital punishment ABA IQ tests IQ scores adaptive behavior AAIDD mental retardation intellectual disability Ybarra v Nevada Johnson v Missouri Albarran v Alabama
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Saturday, March 12, 2011
FYiPOST: SAGE Open - submit your manuscripts and become part of this groundbreaking publication
Subject: SAGE Open - submit your manuscripts and become part of this groundbreaking publication
Reply-To: mailbox21946x119339 <sagebb@updates.sagepub.com>
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SAGE Open is now accepting manuscripts - prepare yours today!
Dear Kevin McGrew,
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SAGE Open, our new open access publication, has received more than 200 submissions since launching on January 1, with new articles being submitted daily. Be a part of this groundbreaking publication and prepare your manuscript today.
SAGE Open publishes peer-reviewed, original research and review articles in an interactive, open-access format. Articles may span the full spectrum of the social and behavioral sciences and the humanities. Find out more, including manuscript submission guidelines, at www.sageopen.com.
Why publish in SAGE Open?
- Quick review and decision times for authors
- Speedy, continuous-publication online format
- Global distribution of your research via SAGE Journals Online, including enhanced online features such as public usage metrics, comments features, subject categories, and article ranking and recommendations
- Professional copyediting and typesetting of your article
- $195 introductory author acceptance fee (discounted from the regular price of $695)
Consider publishing in SAGE Open if you want...
- Quality reviews and efficient production, ensuring the quickest publication time
- Free, broad, and global distribution on a powerful, highly discoverable publishing platform
- Branding and marketing by a world-leading social science publisher, including promotion of your article via publicity and social media channels
- Open access publication due to university or government mandates
Manuscript submissions are handled online through SAGE Track, SAGE's web-based peer review and submission system, powered by ScholarOne Manuscripts™. Submit your manuscripts today at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/sageopen.
Interested in serving as a reviewer?
- Visit the manuscript submission site and click the "Create Account: new users click here" button in the center of the screen.
- Be prepared to enter your e-mail address and to select at least five (5) keywords to describe your areas of expertise.
Please direct any inquiries to sageopen@sagepub.com.
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Bob Howard
Executive Director, Social Science Journals
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Friday, March 11, 2011
FYiPOST: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law - Volume 17, Issue 1
A meta-analytic review of competency to stand trial research.Page 1-53Pirelli, Gianni; Gottdiener, William H.; Zapf, Patricia A.
Discrimination in the 21st century: Are science and the law aligned?Page 54-75King, Eden B.; Dunleavy, Dana G.; Dunleavy, Eric M.; Jaffer, Salman; Morgan, Whitney Botsford; Elder, Katie; Graebner, Raluca
Experts' and novices' abilities to detect children's high-stakes lies of omission.Page 76-98Nysse-Carris, Kari L.; Bottoms, Bette L.; Salerno, Jessica M.
Seventy-two tests of the sequential lineup superiority effect: A meta-analysis and policy discussion.Page 99-139Steblay, Nancy K.; Dysart, Jennifer E.; Wells, Gary L.
The role of eyewitness identification evidence in felony case dispositions.Page 140-159Flowe, Heather D.; Mehta, Amrita; Ebbesen, Ebbe B.
Thursday, March 10, 2011
FYiPOST: Age of onset component of MR/ID and Atkins DP and SSA
Does age of onset in legal contexts mean chronological or developmental age? This is a live issue in the death penalty context because in Atkins v. Virginia, the United States Supreme Court found it cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to execute mentally retarded offenders. While the Atkins Court cited favorably to clinical definitions of mental retardation, it left open to the states to define what mental retardation means for purposes of the death penalty.
Click link below for rest of post and links
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FYiPOST: Orthogonal higher order structure and confirmatory factor analysis of the French Wechsler Adult Inte
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FYIPOST: Measurement invariance of neuropsychological tests in diverse older persons.
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Wednesday, March 9, 2011
Intelligent IQ testing@sbkaufman, 3/9/11 5:14 PM
3/9/11 5:14 PM Intelligent Testing huff.to/ihrwF3 via @huffingtonpost |
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FYiPOST: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law Table of Contents for 1 February 2011; Vol. 39, No. 1
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JAAPL Online Table of Contents Alert
- A new issue of Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online is available online:
- 1 February 2011; Vol. 39, No. 1
- The below Table of Contents is available online at: http://www.jaapl.org/content/vol39/issue1/index.dtl?etoc
EDITORIALS
- The DSM in Litigation and Legislation
- Ralph Slovenko
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 6-11
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/6
BIOGRAPHIES
- Peter Ash, MD: Evolution of a Forensic Child Psychiatrist
- Stephen B. Billick
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 12-18
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/12
SPECIAL ARTICLE
- Competence to Stand Trial Should Require Rational Understanding
- Alan R. Felthous
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 19-30
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/19
REGULAR ARTICLE
- Psychotic Denial of Pregnancy: Legal and Treatment Considerations for Clinicians
- Melissa Nau, H. Eric Bender, and Judith Street
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 31-39
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/31
- Commentary: A Curious Conception
- Seth Powsner
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 40-43
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/40
- Stealing Among High School Students: Prevalence and Clinical Correlates
- Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Potenza, Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin, Dana A. Cavallo, and Rani A. Desai
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 44-52
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/44
- Commentary: Understanding Adolescent Health-Risk Behaviors From a Prevention Science Perspective
- Nadia L. Ward and Lance H. Linke
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 53-56
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/53
- Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Prior Incarcerations in an Urban, Predominantly African-American Sample of Hospitalized Patients With First-Episode Psychosis
- Claire E. Ramsay, Sandra M. Goulding, Beth Broussard, Sarah L. Cristofaro, Glen R. Abedi, and Michael T. Compton
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 57-64
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/57
- Differences in Legal Characteristics Between Caucasian and African-American Women Diverted Into Substance Abuse Treatment
- Melanie C. Scott, Laurie Edwards, Lauren R. Lussier, Susan Devine, and Caroline J. Easton
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 65-71
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/65
- From Incarceration to Community Care: Structured Assessment of Correctional Adaptation
- Merrill Rotter, W. Amory Carr, Melissa Magyar, and Barry Rosenfeld
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 72-77
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/72
ANALYSIS AND COMMENTARY
- Hebephilia Is Not a Mental Disorder in DSM-IV-TR and Should Not Become One in DSM-5
- Allen Frances and Michael B. First
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 78-85
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/78
- An Historical Review of the Legal and Personal Background to Jackson v. Indiana
- George F. Parker
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 86-92
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/86
- Heavy-Tailed Distribution of Seclusion and Restraint Episodes in a State Psychiatric Hospital
- Paul D. Whitehead and Fredrik Liljeros
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 93-99
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/93
- Treatment of Sex Offenders in Israeli Prison Settings
- Moshe Birger, Tal Bergman-Levy, and Oren Asman
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 100-103
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/100
- Psychotropics Without Borders: Ethics and Legal Implications of Internet-Based Access to Psychiatric Medications
- Carolina A. Klein
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 104-111
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/1/104
LEGAL DIGEST
- Remote Alcohol Monitor Technology Deemed Reliable
- Melissa Spanggaard and Christopher M. Davidson
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 112-114
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/112
- Holding Prosecutors to a Higher Standard Than Constitutionally Required?
- Keith A. Shebairo and Paul Thomas
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 114-116
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/114
- Competent With a Caveat
- Christopher T. Raczynski and Kevin V. Trueblood
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 116-118
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/116
- Court Is Directed to Admit Treating Psychologist Testimony at Sentencing
- Brittany Zelgowski and Madelon Baranoski
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 119-121
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/119
- Treatment Noncompliance: Free Will or Symptom of Illness?
- Lindsay Oberleitner and Laurie Edwards
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 121-123
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/121
- The Burden of Proof on Psychiatric Experts With Regard to Imminent Injury in Civil Commitment Proceedings in Montana
- Maya Prabhu and Charles C. Dike
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 123-125
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/123
- Duty to Control a Community Mental Health Outpatient via Emergency Civil Commitment
- Warren Stanley Adamson and Caroline J. Easton
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 125-127
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/125
- Peer Review Privilege in Its Last Throes?
- Kehinde Ogundipe and Chandrika Shankar
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 127-129
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/127
- In-Court Testimony After Dangerous-Client Warnings
- David M. Aversa and Reena Kapoor
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 129-131
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/129
BOOK REVIEWS
- Assessment of Malingered Neuropsychological Deficits
- Hilary K. Klein
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 132-133
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/132
- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Postconcussion Syndrome: The New Evidence Base for Diagnosis and Treatment
- Joseph R. Simpson
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 133-134
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/133
- Trials of a Forensic Psychologist: A Casebook
- Jennifer Piel
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 134-135
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/134
- Psychology and Crime: Understanding and Tackling Offending Behaviour
- Patricia J. Campbell
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 135-136
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/135
LETTERS
- Karen Franklin
- J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2011;39 137
http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/39/1/137