Introducing a new blog feature...the TOC of law and law-related behavioral science journals. Will try for a while to see if folks find the feature useful...as many of the articles listed most likely will not be specifically related to Atkins issues.
> Journal Name: LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR (ISSN: 0147-7307)
> Issue: Vol. 36 No. 5, 2012
>
>
> Title:
> "That Never Happened": Adults' Discernment of Children's True and False Memory Reports
>
> Authors:
> Block, SD; Shestowsky, D; Segovia, DA; Goodman, GS; Schaaf, JM;
> Alexander, KW
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):365-374; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Adults' evaluations of children's reports can determine whether legal
> proceedings are undertaken and whether they ultimately lead to justice.
> The current study involved 92 undergraduates and 35 laypersons who
> viewed and evaluated videotaped interviews of 3- and 5-year-olds
> providing true or false memory reports. The children's reports fell into
> the following categories based on a 2 (event type: true vs. false) x 2
> (child report: assent vs. denial) factorial design: accurate reports,
> false reports, accurate denials, and false denials. Results revealed
> that adults were generally better able to correctly judge accurate
> reports, accurate denials, and false reports compared with false
> denials: For false denials, adults were, on average, "confident" that
> the event had not occurred, even though the event had in fact been
> experienced. Participant age predicted performance. These findings
> underscore the greater difficulty adults have in evaluating young
> children's false denials compared with other types of reports.
> Implications for law-related situations in which adults are called upon
> to evaluate children's statements are discussed.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 375-389 (Article)
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>
> Title:
> A Victim-Centered Approach to Justice? Victim Satisfaction Effects on Third-Party Punishments
>
> Authors:
> Gromet, DM; Okimoto, TG; Wenzel, M; Darley, JM
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):375-389; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Three studies investigated whether victims' satisfaction with a
> restorative justice process influenced third-party assignments of
> punishment. Participants evaluated criminal offenses and victims'
> reactions to an initial restorative justice conference, and were later
> asked to indicate their support for additional punishment of the
> offender. Across the three studies, we found that victim satisfaction
> (relative to dissatisfaction) attenuates people's desire to seek
> offender punishment, regardless of offense severity (Study 2) or
> conflicting reports from a third-party observer (Study 3). This
> relationship was explained by the informational value of victim
> satisfaction: Participants inferred that victims felt closure and that
> offenders experienced value reform, both of which elevated participants'
> satisfaction with the restorative justice outcome. The informational
> value communicated by victim satisfaction, and its criminal justice
> implications, are discussed.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 390-393 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> The Constant Multiplier Assumption Misestimates Long-Term Sex Offender Recidivism Rates
>
> Authors:
> Wollert, R; Cramer, E
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):390-393; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Many clinical psychologists have claimed that long-term sexual
> recidivism rates are a fixed multiple of short-term rates and have
> estimated that the true value of this constant falls somewhere between
> 1.5 and 3.0. They have also proposed that it is "mathematically sound"
> for evaluators to estimate the long-term rate for any actuarial score in
> sexually violent predator civil commitment cases by multiplying its
> short-term rate by this constant. The present paper questions the
> "constant multiplier assumption" and summarizes disconfirming data
> collected by its proponents and others showing that the fixed ratios for
> groups with low short-term rates are actually greater than the ratios
> for groups with high short-term rates. These results rule out the use of
> the constant multiplier assumption by risk evaluators. It is concerning
> that this assumption has not been previously tested. The authors call on
> the developers of risk assessment systems to collect and report data
> that clearly validate the assumptions that underpin their actuarial
> tables before they are disseminated or administered. The American
> Psychological Association ethical standards also require forensic
> evaluators to acknowledge the limitations of their risk assessments when
> they testify, a practice that is invaluable to the trier of fact.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 394-403 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Assessing Nonchoosers' Eyewitness Identification Accuracy From Photographic Showups by Using Confidence and Response Times
>
> Authors:
> Sauerland, M; Sagana, A; Sporer, SL
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):394-403; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> While recent research has shown that the accuracy of positive
> identification decisions can be assessed via confidence and decision
> times, gauging lineup rejections has been less successful. The current
> study focused on 2 different aspects which are inherent in lineup
> rejections. First, we hypothesized that decision times and confidence
> ratings should be postdictive of identification rejections if they refer
> to a single lineup member only. Second, we hypothesized that dividing
> nonchoosers according to the reasons they provided for their decisions
> can serve as a useful postdictor for nonchoosers' accuracy. To test
> these assumptions, we used (1) 1-person lineups (showups) in order to
> obtain confidence and response time measures referring to a single
> lineup member, and (2) asked nonchoosers about their reasons for making
> a rejection. Three hundred and eighty-four participants were asked to
> identify 2 different persons after watching 1 of 2 stimulus films. The
> results supported our hypotheses. Nonchoosers' postdecision confidence
> ratings were well-calibrated. Likewise, we successfully established
> optimum time and confidence boundaries for nonchoosers. Finally,
> combinations of postdictors increased the number of accurate
> classifications compared with individual postdictors.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 404-412 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Psychopathy and Crime: Testing the Incremental Validity of PCL-R-Measured Psychopathy as a Predictor of General and Violent Recidivism
>
> Authors:
> Walters, GD
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):404-412; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> It has been argued that psychopathy plays a vital role in the criminal
> justice system. To test this assumption, the incremental validity of the
> psychopathy construct was examined in 198 male Canadian prison inmates
> serving time for nonsexual offenses and 122 male U. S. inmates
> undergoing forensic evaluations. When these two samples-which had been
> used previously to test the incremental validity of the four Psychopathy
> Checklist-Revised (PCL-R: Hare, 2003) facet scores (Walters, Wilson, &
> Glover, 2011)-were treated as a single group, second-order confirmatory
> factor analysis and item response theory principles indicated that a
> three-factor hierarchical model of the PCL-R facets (interpersonal,
> affective, lifestyle) fit the data better than a four-factor
> hierarchical model (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle, antisocial).
> When the two samples were examined separately, a composite of the first
> three PCL-R facets (interpersonal, affective, lifestyle) failed to
> predict general and violent recidivism above and beyond the
> contributions of age and criminal history. These results bring into
> question the utility of the psychopathy construct, as measured by Facets
> 1, 2, and 3 of the PCL-R, to predict important criminal justice outcomes
> like recidivism. Additional research using alternative measures of
> psychopathy and a wider array of outcome measures is required to
> determine the extent to which the psychopathy construct contributes to
> our understanding of criminal behavior.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 413-422 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> The Predictive Validity of Criminogenic Needs for Male and Female Offenders: Comparing the Relative Impact of Needs in Predicting Recidivism
>
> Authors:
> van der Knaap, LM; Alberda, DL; Oosterveld, P; Born, MP
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):413-422; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Most instruments used to assess offenders' risk of recidivism were
> developed and validated on male samples. Use of these instruments with
> female offenders is, however, common practice. This use with female
> offenders implies the assumption that the risk of recidivism can be
> predicted on the basis of the same risk factors for women as for men.
> Yet, this implied gender-neutrality of offender risk instruments has
> been the topic of much debate. This study compared criminogenic needs in
> male and female offenders and their relevance in predicting recidivism.
> A large sample of male and female offenders (N = 16,239) charged with a
> range of index offenses was studied. Results mainly support the gender
> neutrality of existing offender risk and needs assessment. However,
> results do suggest that some criminogenic needs may indeed have a
> different impact on recidivism for men and women. Problems with
> accommodation, education and work, and relationships with friends were
> more strongly correlated to general recidivism in men than in women. For
> women, difficulties with emotional well-being had a stronger correlation
> with recidivism than for men. In addition, relative to all other
> criminogenic needs, problems with emotional well-being were more
> important for women than for men in predicting general as well as
> violent recidivism. However, because the bivariate correlation for
> female offenders between emotional difficulties and recidivism is weak
> (as it is for male offenders), the question remains whether the relative
> importance of emotional difficulties in predicting recidivism in women
> actually has clinical relevance.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 423-438 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Prediction of Adolescent Sexual Reoffending: A Meta-Analysis of the J-SOAP-II, ERASOR, J-SORRAT-II, and Static-99
>
> Authors:
> Viljoen, JL; Mordell, S; Beneteau, JL
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):423-438; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Several risk assessment tools, including the Juvenile Sex Offender
> Assessment Protocol-II (Prentky & Righthand, 2003), the Estimate of Risk
> of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (Worling & Curwen, 2001), the
> Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II (Epperson,
> Ralston, Fowers, DeWitt, & Gore, 2006), and the Static-99 (Hanson &
> Thornton, 1999), have been used to assess reoffense risk among
> adolescents who have committed sexual offenses. Given that research on
> these tools has yielded somewhat mixed results, we empirically
> synthesized 33 published and unpublished studies involving 6,196 male
> adolescents who had committed a sexual offense. We conducted two
> separate meta-analyses, first with correlations and then with areas
> under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs). Total scores
> on each of the tools significantly predicted sexual reoffending, with
> aggregated correlations ranging from .12 to .20 and aggregated AUC
> scores ranging from .64 to .67. However, in many cases heterogeneity
> across studies was moderate to high. There were no significant
> differences between tools, and although the Static-99 was developed for
> adults, it achieved similar results as the adolescent tools. Results are
> compared to other meta-analyses of risk tools used in the area of
> violence risk assessment and in other fields.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 439-447 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> The Information Gained From Witnesses' Responses to an Initial "Blank" Lineup
>
> Authors:
> Palmer, MA; Brewer, N; Weber, N
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):439-447; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Wells ("The psychology of lineup identifications," Journal of Applied
> Social Psychology, 1984, 14, 89-103) proposed that a blank lineup (an
> initial lineup of known-to-be-innocent foils) can be used to screen
> eyewitnesses; witnesses who chose from a blank lineup (initial choosers)
> were more likely to make an error on a second lineup that contained a
> suspect than were witnesses who rejected a blank lineup (initial
> nonchoosers). Recent technological advances (e. g.,
> computer-administered lineups) may overcome many of the practical
> difficulties cited as a barrier to the use of blank lineups. Our
> research extended knowledge about the blank lineup procedure by
> investigating the underlying causes of the difference in identification
> performance between initial choosers and initial nonchoosers. Studies 1a
> and 1b (total, N = 303) demonstrated that initial choosers were more
> likely to reject a second lineup than initial nonchoosers and witnesses
> who did not view a blank lineup, implying that cognitive biases (e. g.,
> confirmation bias and commitment effects) influenced initial choosers'
> identification decisions. In Study 2 (N = 200), responses on a
> forced-choice identification test provided evidence that initial
> choosers have, on average, poorer memories for the culprit than do
> initial nonchoosers. We also investigated the usefulness of blank
> lineups for interpreting identification evidence. Diagnosticity ratios
> suggested that suspect identifications made by initial nonchoosers (cf.
> initial choosers) should have a greater impact on estimates of the
> likely guilt of the suspect. Furthermore, for initial nonchoosers,
> higher confidence in blank lineup rejections was associated with higher
> diagnosticity for subsequent suspect identifications. These results have
> implications for policy to guide the collection and interpretation of
> identification evidence.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 448-457 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> "How Did You Feel?": Increasing Child Sexual Abuse Witnesses' Production of Evaluative Information
>
> Authors:
> Lyon, TD; Scurich, N; Choi, K; Handmaker, S; Blank, R
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):448-457; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> In child sexual abuse cases, the victim's testimony is essential,
> because the victim and the perpetrator tend to be the only eyewitnesses
> to the crime. A potentially important component of an abuse report is
> the child's subjective reactions to the abuse. Attorneys may ask
> suggestive questions or avoid questioning children about their
> reactions, assuming that children, given their immaturity and
> reluctance, are incapable of articulation. We hypothesized that How
> questions referencing reactions to abuse (e. g., "how did you feel")
> would increase the productivity of children's descriptions of abuse
> reactions. Two studies compared the extent to which children provided
> evaluative content, defined as descriptions of emotional, cognitive, and
> physical reactions, in response to different question-types, including
> How questions, Wh-questions, Option-posing questions (yes-no or
> forced-choice), and Suggestive questions. The first study examined
> children's testimony (ages 5-18) in 80 felony child sexual abuse cases.
> How questions were more productive yet the least prevalent, and
> Option-posing and Suggestive questions were less productive but the most
> common. The second study examined interview transcripts of 61 children
> (ages 6-12) suspected of being abused, in which children were
> systematically asked How questions regarding their reactions to abuse,
> thus controlling for the possibility that in the first study, attorneys
> selectively asked How questions of more articulate children. Again, How
> questions were most productive in eliciting evaluative content. The
> results suggest that interviewers and attorneys interested in eliciting
> evaluative reactions should ask children "how did you feel?" rather than
> more direct or suggestive questions.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 458-467 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> "Ordinary Men" or "Evil Monsters"?: An Action Systems Model of Genocidal Actions and Characteristics of Perpetrators
>
> Authors:
> Hollows, K; Fritzon, K
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (5):458-467; OCT 2012
>
> Abstract:
> This study aimed to address the limitations of the existing genocide
> literature with the development of an empirically based classification
> system. Using Shye's (1985) action systems model, it was hypothesized
> that four types of perpetrators would exist and would be distinguishable
> by differences in the sources and target of individual criminal actions.
> Court transcripts from 80 perpetrators sentenced by the international
> courts were subject to content analysis and revealed 39 offense action
> variables, 17 perpetrator characteristic variables, and 6 perpetrator
> motive variables. A smallest space analysis using the Jaccard
> coefficient of association was conducted on the offense variables. The
> results supported the proposed framework, producing four distinct types
> of genocidal perpetrators. Correlational analyses were then conducted to
> examine the relationships between each of the perpetrator types and the
> remaining variables. The results of those correlations provided further
> support for the proposed framework. The implications of these findings
> are discussed.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 469-477 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Cry Me a River: Identifying the Behavioral Consequences of Extremely High-Stakes Interpersonal Deception
>
> Authors:
> ten Brinke, L; Porter, S
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):469-477; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Deception evolved as a fundamental aspect of human social interaction.
> Numerous studies have examined behavioral cues to deception, but most
> have involved inconsequential lies and unmotivated liars in a laboratory
> context. We conducted the most comprehensive study to date of the
> behavioral consequences of extremely high-stakes, real-life
> deception-relative to comparable real-life sincere displays-via 3
> communication channels: speech, body language, and emotional facial
> expressions. Televised footage of a large international sample of
> individuals (N = 78) emotionally pleading to the public for the return
> of a missing relative was meticulously coded frame-by-frame (30 frames/s
> for a total of 74,731 frames). About half of the pleaders eventually
> were convicted of killing the missing person on the basis of
> overwhelming evidence. Failed attempts to simulate sadness and leakage
> of happiness revealed deceptive pleaders' covert emotions. Liars used
> fewer words but more tentative words than truth-tellers, likely relating
> to increased cognitive load and psychological distancing. Further, each
> of these cues explained unique variance in predicting pleader sincerity.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 477-477 (Correction)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Failure-to-Register Laws and Public Safety: An Examination of Risk Factors and Sex Offense Recidivism (vol 36, pg 555, 2012)
>
> Authors:
> Levenson, JS; Sandler, JC; Freeman, NJ
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):477-477; DEC 2012
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 478-487 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Retrieval Does Not Always Enhance Suggestibility: Testing Can Improve Witness Identification Performance
>
> Authors:
> LaPaglia, JA; Chan, JCK
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):478-487; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Verbally recalling the appearance of a perpetrator and the details of an
> event can sometimes hinder later eyewitness memory performance. In two
> experiments, we investigated the effects of verbally recalling a face on
> people's ability to resist subsequent misinformation about that face.
> Participants watched a video of a theft and then completed either a
> recall test or a distractor activity. After a delay, some participants
> heard a piece of misinformation. Memory was assessed with a recall test
> in Experiment 1 and with a target-present lineup in Experiment 2. In
> both experiments, initial testing reduced eyewitness suggestibility for
> the face.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 488-495 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Cross-Race (but Not Same-Race) Face Identification Is Impaired by Presenting Faces in a Group Rather Than Individually
>
> Authors:
> Pezdek, K; O'Brien, M; Wasson, C
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):488-495; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> This study extends the research on cross-race identification by
> examining how group presentation of faces influences the cross-race
> effect (CRE) and confirming systematic qualitative differences between
> the cognitive processes involved in memory for same-and cross-race
> faces. White individuals viewed 16 target faces (8 White, 8 Black)
> presented individually or each in a 3-face group. The conditions that
> impaired cross-race but not same-race face recognition memory were (a)
> group compared to individual presentation of target faces (Experiment
> 1), and (b) presentation of target faces in homogeneous (foil faces
> matched the race of the target face) rather than heterogeneous groups
> (foil faces did not match the race of the target face; Experiment 2).
> These findings are interpreted within the context of social-cognitive
> processes that operate on same-and cross-race faces, specifically, the
> dual-process account of the CRE. Together, results of these two
> experiments suggest that the CRE is moderated by viewing conditions that
> are likely to vary in real world eyewitness memory and identification
> situations.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 496-505 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Firm, Fair, and Caring Officer-Offender Relationships Protect Against Supervision Failure
>
> Authors:
> Kennealy, PJ; Skeem, JL; Manchak, SM; Louden, JE
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):496-505; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> A growing body of research suggests that high quality dual role
> relationships between community corrections officers and offenders
> reduce risk of recidivism. This study assesses whether this finding
> generalizes from offenders with mental illness to their relatively
> healthy counterparts. More importantly, this study tests the possibility
> that this finding is spurious, reflecting the influence of pre-existing
> offender characteristics more than a promising principle of practice. In
> this study of 109 parolees without mental illness, the authors found
> that (a) firm, fair, and caring relationships protect against rearrest,
> and (b) do so even after accounting for offenders' pre-existing
> personality traits and risk for recidivism. These findings are
> consistent with the theoretical notion that good dual role relationships
> are an essential element of core correctional practice, even (or
> particularly) for difficult or high risk offenders.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 506-512 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Substance Abuse and Criminal Thinking: Testing the Countervailing, Mediation, and Specificity Hypotheses
>
> Authors:
> Walters, GD
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):506-512; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> The purpose of this study was to determine (a) which of 2 dimensions of
> criminal thinking (proactive and/or reactive) correlates with prior
> substance abuse; (b) whether criminal thinking mediates the relationship
> between prior substance abuse and recidivism; (c) if a direct
> relationship exists between specific drugs of abuse and specific
> criminal thinking styles. First, the reconstructed Proactive (P(rc)) and
> Reactive (R(rc)) Criminal Thinking scores from the Psychological
> Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS; Walters, 1995) were
> correlated with a dichotomous measure of prior substance abuse and a
> continuous measure of the number of substances abused in a sample of
> 2877 male federal prisoners (age: M = 34.96, SD = 9.89, range = 18-84;
> race: 63.6% Black, 17.3% White, 17.6% Hispanic, 1.4% other). The results
> indicated that only the R(rc) score correlated significantly with prior
> substance abuse when the effect of the alternative measure (P(rc) in the
> case of R(rc) and R(rc) in the case of the P(rc)) was controlled through
> partial correlations. Second, reactive criminal thinking was found to
> mediate the relationship between a history of prior substance abuse and
> subsequent recidivism in a subsample of 1101 inmates who were released
> from prison during a 1- to 76-month follow-up. Third, both specific
> (alcohol with cutoff; marijuana with cognitive indolence) and global
> (heroin, cocaine, and amphetamine with cutoff, cognitive indolence, and
> discontinuity) drug-criminal thinking correlations were obtained. These
> results suggest that reactive criminal thinking plays a potentially
> important role in the drug-crime relationship.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 513-526 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
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>
> Title:
> Impact of Disguise on Identification Decisions and Confidence With Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups
>
> Authors:
> Mansour, JK; Beaudry, JL; Bertrand, MI; Kalmet, N; Melsom, EI; Lindsay,
> RCL
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):513-526; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Prior research indicates that disguise negatively affects lineup
> identifications, but the mechanisms by which disguise works have not
> been explored, and different disguises have not been compared. In two
> experiments (Ns = 87 and 91) we manipulated degree of coverage by two
> different types of disguise: a stocking mask or sunglasses and toque
> (i.e., knitted hat). Participants viewed mock-crime videos followed by
> simultaneous or sequential lineups. Disguise and lineup type did not
> interact. In support of the view that disguise prevents encoding,
> identification accuracy generally decreased with degree of disguise. For
> the stocking disguise, however, full and 2/3 coverage led to
> approximately the same rate of correct identifications-which suggests
> that disrupting encoding of specific features may be as detrimental as
> disrupting a whole face. Accuracy was most affected by sunglasses and we
> discuss the role metacognitions may have played. Lineup selections
> decreased more slowly than accuracy as coverage by disguise increased,
> indicating witnesses are insensitive to the effect of encoding
> conditions on accuracy. We also explored the impact of disguise and
> lineup type on witnesses' confidence in their lineup decisions, though
> the results were not straightforward.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 527-537 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000314275300008
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> When Experts Disagreed, Who Was Correct? A Comparison of PCL-R Scores From Independent Raters and Opposing Forensic Experts
>
> Authors:
> Rufino, KA; Boccaccini, MT; Hawes, SW; Murrie, DC
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):527-537; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Researchers recently found that Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R;
> Hare, 2003) scores reported by state experts were much higher than those
> reported by defense experts in sexually violent predator cases pursued
> for civil commitment (Murrie, Boccaccini, Johnson, & Janke, 2008), which
> raised the question of which scores were more accurate. In this study,
> two independent raters rescored the PCL-R from file review for 44
> offenders from that sample who had opposing evaluator scores (allegiance
> cases) and 44 who had state expert, but not defense expert, scores
> (comparison cases). The independent raters agreed with one another in
> their scoring of the allegiance and comparison cases (Intraclass
> Correlation Coefficient [ICC] ICC(A,1) = .95), but they disagreed with
> both state (ICC(A,1) = .29) and defense (ICC(A,1) = .14) experts in the
> allegiance cases. Agreement was stronger between state experts and
> independent raters for the comparison cases (ICC(A,1) = .63), but the
> independent raters assigned significantly higher PCL-R scores than
> experts for both the allegiance and comparison cases. These findings
> suggest that offenders who were selected for rescoring by the defense
> may have been more difficult to score. Findings also raise questions
> about the extent to which PCL-R scores based on correctional file review
> only are comparable to those based on file and interview.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 538-547 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000314275300009
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> The Effect of Attorneys' Work With Trauma-Exposed Clients on PTSD Symptoms, Depression, and Functional Impairment: A Cross-Lagged Longitudinal Study
>
> Authors:
> Levin, A; Besser, A; Albert, L; Smith, D; Neria, Y
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):538-547; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> To date, few studies have examined mental health consequences among
> attorneys exposed to clients' traumatic experiences. A longitudinal,
> 2-wave, cross-lagged study was used in a cohort of attorneys (N = 107)
> from the Wisconsin State Public Defender's Office. We assessed changes
> in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and functional
> impairment over a 10-month period and tested the effects of intensity of
> contact with trauma-exposed clients on symptom levels over time.
> Attorneys demonstrated strong and significant symptom stability over
> time in PTSD, depression, functional impairment, and levels of exposure.
> Analyses involving cross-lagged panel correlation structural equation
> modeling path models revealed that attorneys' levels of exposure to
> trauma-exposed clients had significant positive effects, over time, on
> PTSD, depression, and functional impairment. Gender, age, years on the
> job, and office size did not predict any of the outcomes. Level of
> exposure to trauma-exposed clients predicted reduction of weekly working
> hours over time, but there was no reciprocal relationship between PTSD,
> depression, and functional impairment and level of exposure over time.
> These findings underscore the central role of exposure to trauma-exposed
> clients in predicting mental health outcomes and emphasize the need to
> support attorneys by managing the intensity of exposure as well as
> addressing emerging symptoms.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 548-554 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000314275300010
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Innumeracy and Unpacking: Bridging the Nomothetic/Idiographic Divide in Violence Risk Assessment
>
> Authors:
> Scurich, N; Monahan, J; John, RS
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):548-554; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> Structured methods to assess violence risk have proliferated in recent
> years, but such methods are not uncontroversial. A "core controversy"
> concerns the extent to which an actuarial risk estimate derived at the
> group level should-morally, logically, or mathematically-apply to any
> particular individual within the group. This study examines the related
> psychological question: When do people apply group-level risk estimates
> to the individual case? We manipulated whether an actuarial risk
> estimate is "unpacked;" that is, whether the risk factors on which the
> estimate is based are articulated. Our findings indicate that the degree
> of unpacking (e. g., listing six vs. three risk factors) increased the
> likelihood that jury-eligible citizens will apply an actuarial risk
> estimate in their decision to civilly commit a particular respondent.
> Unpacking also increased the perceived relevance of the group-level risk
> estimate to the individual case. We then split the sample based on
> self-reported numeracy, defined as " ability with or knowledge of
> numbers." Numeracy moderates the unpacking effect in that unpacking only
> made a difference for the innumerate participants. The psychological
> approach we take to the question of group-to-individual inference is not
> limited to violence-risk assessment, and may apply to many other areas
> of law in which group-to-individual inferences are frequently, if
> controversially, made.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 555-565 (Article)
> *View Full Record:
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000314275300011
> *Order Full Text [ ]
>
> Title:
> Failure-to-Register Laws and Public Safety: An Examination of Risk Factors and Sex Offense Recidivism
>
> Authors:
> Levenson, JS; Sandler, JC; Freeman, NJ
>
> Source:
> *LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR*, 36 (6):555-565; DEC 2012
>
> Abstract:
> The goals of this study were to describe the characteristics of a sample
> of sex offenders charged with failure to register (FTR) in New York
> State, compare the FTR and non-FTR groups on relevant risk factors,
> identify risk factors associated with failing to register, and
> investigate the relationship between registration noncompliance and both
> general and sexual rearrest. FTR offenders were found to be younger,
> more likely to be a minority race, and have more extensive and varied
> prior criminal histories as well as a record of supervision violations.
> Results also indicated that FTR was more strongly correlated with
> nonsexual recidivism (r = .44) than sexual recidivism (r = .09). FTR
> contributed to the likelihood of sexual recidivism for rapists of adult
> victims, but not for sex offenders with child victims, and occurred in
> combination with a history of prior sexual crimes and versatility in
> criminal offending.
>
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