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Monday, October 10, 2011
Research brief: Ravens matrices test measures same Gf (fluid intelligence) ability in individuals with MR/ID
Well designed and methodologically solid study indicates that the Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices (measure of fluid intelligence, Gf, as per CHC theory) measures the same construct (Gf) for normals and I dividuals with intellectual disabilities.
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Sunday, October 9, 2011
Book nook: Keith Widaman review of Earl Hunts "Human Intelligence"
The journal Intelligence has an "in press" review of Earl Hunt's relatively new book on human intelligence. Dr. Keith Widaman, one of my favorite intelligence and measurement scholars, provides a very balanced review. More info and final conclusion below (double click on images to enlarge)
Some psychology re false confessions@psych101, 10/9/11 1:33 AM
 David Webb (@psych101)10/9/11 1:33 AM The Psychology Of False Confessions. http://t.co/rXpgzoiw |
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Wednesday, October 5, 2011
Research brief: Genetics and criminal responsibility
Trends in Cognitive Sciences latest issue dealt with behavioral genetics research and issues. An article by Morse addressed genetics and criminal responsibility. Brief highlights below. Double click on images to enlarge.
Editors comment/summary re: above article
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Editors comment/summary re: above article
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FYiPOST: Current Directions in Psychological Science Table of Contents for 1 October 2011; Vol. 20, No. 5
I have a love affair with this journal. One of the top journals for concise, up-to-date overviews of cutting edge research in many areas of psychology.
Current Directions in Psychological Science Online Table of Contents Alert
- A new issue of Current Directions in Psychological Science is available online:
- 1 October 2011; Vol. 20, No. 5
- The below Table of Contents is available online at: http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/vol20/issue5/?etoc
Articles
- Limits on the Predictive Power of Domain-Specific Experience and Knowledge in Skilled Performance
- David Z. Hambrick and Elizabeth J. Meinz
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 275-279
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/275
- Deliberate Practice: Necessary But Not Sufficient
- Guillermo Campitelli and Fernand Gobet
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 280-285
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/280
- Context in Emotion Perception
- Lisa Feldman Barrett, Batja Mesquita, and Maria Gendron
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 286-290
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/286
- The Benefit of Forgetting in Thinking and Remembering
- Benjamin C. Storm
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 291-295
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/291
- Women, Men, and the Bedroom: Methodological and Conceptual Insights That Narrow, Reframe, and Eliminate Gender Differences in Sexuality
- Terri D. Conley, Amy C. Moors, Jes L. Matsick, Ali Ziegler, and Brandon A. Valentine
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 296-300
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/296
- Links Between Attention, Performance Pressure, and Movement in Skilled Motor Action
- Rob Gray
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 301-306
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/301
- Wiping the Slate Clean: Psychological Consequences of Physical Cleansing
- Spike W. S. Lee and Norbert Schwarz
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 307-311
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/307
- The Adaptive Nature of Memory and Its Illusions
- Mark L. Howe
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 312-315
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/312
- The Politics of Mortal Terror
- Florette Cohen and Sheldon Solomon
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 316-320
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/316
- The Risk of Polite Misunderstandings
- Jean-François Bonnefon, Aidan Feeney, and Wim De Neys
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 321-324
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/321
- Preventing Recovery From Extinction and Relapse: A Product of Current Retrieval Cues and Memory Strengths
- Ralph R. Miller and Mario A. Laborda
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 325-329
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/325
- Psychology of Science as a New Subdiscipline in Psychology
- Gregory J. Feist
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 330-334
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/330
- Recent Advances in Early Identification and Treatment of Autism
- Brooke Ingersoll
- Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2011;20 335-339
http://cdp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/335
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
Dr. Doug Detterman's bytes: Psychometric validity
I have been remiss (busy) in my posting of Dr. Doug Detterman's bytes. Here is a new one on validity
Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure and predicts what it is supposed to predict. When Binet developed his intelligence test, his goal was to identify children who would not do well in school so they could be given help. To the extent that Binet's test identified such children, it was valid. In Binet's case, proving the validity of the test amounted to showing that the test predicted or correlated with school performance. (Binet was handicapped, though, since the correlation coefficient was not widely known at the time of his first test.) Note that there is no requirement to provide an explanation of why the test predicts what it was designed to predict, only that it do it. Validity provides an empirical relationship that may be absent of any theoretical meaning. Theoretical meaning is given to the relationship when people attempt to explain why the test works to produce this validity relationship.
Tests designed to predict one thing may be found to predict other things. This is
certainly the case with intelligence tests. Relationships between intelligence and many other variables have been found. Such relationships help to build a theory about how and why the test works and ultimately about the relationship of the variables studied.
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intelligence IQ tests IQ testing IQ scores CHC intelligence theory CHC theory Cattell-Horn-Carroll human cognitive abilities psychology school psychology individual differences cognitive psychology neuropsychology neuroscience psychology special education educational psychology psychometrics psychological assessment psychological measurement IQs Corner general intelligence intelligent IQ testing validity Doug Detterman
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Monday, October 3, 2011
Science in the courtroom--Justice Stephen Breyer
"In this age of science, science should expect to find a warm welcome, perhaps a permanent home, in our courtrooms. The reason is a simple one. The legal disputes before us increasingly involve the principles and tools of science. Proper resolution of those disputes matters not just to the litigants, but also to the general public—those who live in our technologically complex society and whom the law must serve. Our decisions should reflect a proper scientific and technical understanding so that the law can respond to the needs of the public."
Stephen Breyer, L.L.B., is Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In the Introduction to the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Third Edition
Well stated...and consistent with the purpose of the IDCP blog.
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Stephen Breyer, L.L.B., is Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In the Introduction to the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Third Edition
Well stated...and consistent with the purpose of the IDCP blog.
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Atkins MR/ID Death Penalty Court Decisions: Lynch, Guevara, Hernandez, Thorson & Williams
There has been a flurry of recent Atkins decisions. Thanks (again) to Kevin Foley for sending me copies. I have not read any of these decisions yet and am posting without comment. They will be added to the Court Decisions Blogroll a little after this post.
Lynch v Hudson (OH, 2011)
Guevara v Thaler (TX, 2011)
Hernandez v Thaler (TX, 2011)
Thorson v MS (2011)
Williams v Mitchell (OH, 2011)
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Div for Forensic Psych 2012 conference submissions now open@PsyPAG, 10/3/11 5:53 AM
 PsyPAG (@PsyPAG)10/3/11 5:53 AM Div of Forensic Psychology, 2012 Annual Conference, submissions now open. #dfpconf. Find out more at http://ow.ly/6LvFF via @BPSConference |
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Sunday, October 2, 2011
Book nook: Reference book on scientific evidence
Thanks to Kevin Foley for bringing the following National Academy of Sciences publication to my attention. It is possible to download PDF copies of the entire book or select chapters by going to this link and registering and following the instructions. Below is a copy of the table of contents
Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Third Edition
Committee on Science, Technology, and Law
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Wednesday, September 28, 2011
The AAPL practice guidelines for forensic eval. of psychiatric disability now posted
The 2008 AAPL guidelines for the forensic evaluation of a psychiatric disability have now been added to the standards, guidelines, etc. section of the ICDP blog. Click here to view.
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1949 WISC: What date(s) should be used to calculate the Flynn effect for historical IQ scores?
What date should be used when calculating the effect of norm obsolescence (aka, Flynn Effect) for old 1949 WISC scores?
I have seen psychological reports for three different Atkins MR/ID death penalty case reports and one social security report that referenced old WISC scores. The WISC was published in 1949 and was used well into the mid 1970's (when replaced by the WISC-R in 1974). The Flynn Effect (click here for posts linking to Flynn Effect Series of reports) was not yet a documented phenomenon, so examiners using the test late it it's life cycle were often not aware of the potential for a massive Flynn effect. At the end of it's life cycle WISC results were often interpreted on the basis of norms that were 20-25 years out of date! This is the worst case scenario for the Flynn Effect I have seen in old psychological reports.
There is some debate on which date for any IQ test should be used to estimate the Flynn Effect. The date of publication or the median date of the years during which the norm data was collected. I believe the consensus is the later.
But, when one turns to the WISC manual, it makes no mention of the years spanned during the norming. Thus, I made a request for information to a number of professional listservs and a number of people directed me to Flynn's (2006) "Tethering the Elephant" article. There is a footnote in that table that provides a lead.
Note. All dates assigned to tests refer to the date at which the test was normed. This is what is relevant, of course, not the date when the test was published. Another date that practitioners might like to have is that for the norming of the WISC: from 1947 to 1948.
Alan Kaufman also communicated with me privately (personal communication, 9-23-11) regarding my question. He worked with David Wechsler on the the WISC-R. He said that during that time the date of 1947 was almost always mentioned during their work, but he never did see concrete proof.
Finally, a member of a neuropsych. listserv sent me a 1950 smoking gun journal article authored by staff from Psychological Corporation. The article was a more in-depth description of the WISC standardization. Although only mentioned briefly in one sentence on p. 102, the dates 1947-1948 are mentioned as the period of the data collection.
Thus, when faced with historical records with old WISC scores, especially those where the effect of norm obsolescence on the scores is dramatic, the best estimate to use for calculating the Flynn Effect is 1947 to 1948. I would tend to think that given the publication and production processes at the time that most of the data was collected during 1947 as many 1948 activities were likely involved in printing and production. But, to be safe, I would suggest examiners use both 1947 and 1948 and then round to the average estimate. One year typically does not make a huge difference.
Thanks to all who sent me tips and the article. The internet, and many professional listservs, are awesome sources of information.
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Tuesday, September 27, 2011
American Behavioral Scientist study suggests Twitter can foster sense of personal communities
This is a bit off-topic for my blogs, but I am a user of various social media, primarily for professional purposes. But, others use social media like Twitter to form personal social networks....and now, one study suggests it can help provide a form of sense of a personal community. Double click on images to enlarge
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Twitter tweeps on-line communities virtual communities personal communities
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Twitter tweeps on-line communities virtual communities personal communities
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Monday, September 26, 2011
FYiPOST: Top-Ten Recent SSRN Downloads
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Saturday, September 24, 2011
Supreme Court embraces minimal relief for California prisoners with mental disabilities and other serious health care needs
Story at link below
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Friday, September 23, 2011
FYiPOST: Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Books website
http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/crimprof_blog/2011/09/criminal-law-and-criminal-justice-books-website.html
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Ohio parole board recommends Governor spare life of person with MR/ID - J. Murphy
The Ohio Parole Board is recommending to the Governor to spare Joseph Murphy, a person with MR/ID and a lengthy history of childhood abuse, from execution. If the above link becomes dated, then click here for the original Sentencing and Law blog post where I learned of this recommendation
Prior decisions regarding J. Murphy can be found at the ICDP blog by clicking here, where a number of court decisions were posted one day, without comment.
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Prior decisions regarding J. Murphy can be found at the ICDP blog by clicking here, where a number of court decisions were posted one day, without comment.
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Thursday, September 22, 2011
IAP AP101 Brief # 10: Understanding IQ score differences: Examiner Errors
Why do significant differences in IQ scores often occur between different tests or the same test given at different times? The explanations are many. Previous IAP Applied Psychometric 101 Reports and Briefs have touched on a number of reasons. Click here to view or link to these reports.
In the first AP101 report, which I would recommend reading prior to reading the material below, test administration and or scoring errors (examiner errors) were mentioned as a possible reason for score discrepancies. The brief report below addresses this topic.
Test procedural and administration errors (examiner error)
Despite rigorous graduate training in standardized administration of intelligence tests for most psychologists, the extant research on adherence to standardized administration and scoring procedures has consistently reported (unfortunately) that the frequency of examiner errors occurs with enough regularity, for both novice and experienced psychological examiners, to be a concern.
Ramos, Alfonso and Schermerhorn (2009) summarized the extant research on examiner errors and reported that most research studies reported sufficient average examiner error to produce significant changes in IQ scores for individuals. The most frequent types of errors reported included a failure to record responses, use of incorrect basal and ceiling rules, reporting an incorrect global IQ score, incorrect adding of subtest scores, incorrect assignment of points for specific items, and incorrect calculation of the individuals age. On Wechsler-related studies, Ramos et al.'s review found that studies have reported average error rates from 7.8 to 25.8 errors per test record, almost 90% of examiners making one error, and in one study 2/3 of the test records reviewed resulted in a change in the Full Scale IQ. Examiner errors do not appear instrument specific as Ramos et al’s reported an average error rate of 4.63 errors per test record on the WJ III Tests of Cognitive Abilities.
The importance of verifying accurate administration and scoring is evident in the finding that across experienced psychologists and students in graduate training, ranges of score differences were as high as 25, 22, and 11 points respectively for the WAIS-III Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ scores (Ryan & Schnakenberg-Ott, 2003). Despite examiners reporting confidence in their scoring accuracy, Ryan and Schnakenberg-Ott reported average levels of agreement with the standard (accurate) test record of only 26.3% (Verbal IQ), 36.8 % (Performance IQ), and 42.1 % (Full Scale IQ).
This level of examiner error is alarming, particularly in the context of important decision-making (e.g., IQ score-based life-and-death Atkins MR/ID decisions; eligibility for intervention programs; eligibility for social security disability funds). The level of examiner experience does not appear to be an explanatory variable. More recently, when investigating a single subtest (WISC-IV Vocabulary), Erodi, Richard and Hopwood (2009) reported that more errors may be present when evaluating low and high ability subjects.
Numerous test development and professional training and monitoring recommendations have been suggested (see Erodi et al, 2009; Hopwood & Richard, 2005; Kuentzel et al. 2011; Ramos et al., 2009; Ryad & Schnakenberg-Ott, 2003), some that have empirically demonstrated improvement in accuracy (see Kuentzel, Hetterscheidt &Barnett, 2011).
Examiner test administration and scoring errors can be the reason for discrepant IQ-IQ score differences. It is clear that before attempting to interpret any IQ scores, or trying to reconcile IQ-IQ score differences between tests, the first step would be for all examiners to double check their scoring. Another wise step would be to seek independent review of a scored test record by another experienced examiner. In the case of Atkins decisions, attempts should be made to secure copies of the original IQ test records for independent review. If any clear errors are present, they should be corrected and new scores recalculated. Only then should psychologists proceed to draw conclusions about the consistency or differences between scores from different IQ tests or versions of the same test given at different times during an individual’s life-span.
Any intelligence test results used in an Atkin’s hearings must be subject to independent review of the original test protocol (this may be impossible for old historical testing results) to insure against administration or scoring errors that might result in significant differences in the reported IQ score. This is critically important in Atkin’s cases were the courts often use a strict specific-IQ “bright line” cut score to determine the presence of an intellectual disability.
Below are the abstracts from the primary sources for this brief report. Double click on the images to enlarge.
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Wednesday, September 21, 2011
More support for CHC interpretation of the WAIS-IV
(double click on images to enlarge)
Yet another CFA study of the WAIS-IV standardization data that suggests the CHC framework is likely the most vablid interpretative framework for the WAIS-IV. Other posts in support of this conclusion can be found here and here.
Of particular note is the continued finding, consistent with my interpretation of the literature that the Arithmetic subtest is a factorially complex and mixed measure of 2-3 different CHC domains and thus, should NOT be interpreted as a strong indicator of any particular CHC domain. This does not mean it is a bad test. On the contrary, factorially complex tests are sometimes some of the best predictors of other outcomes because they measure multiple abilities (which makes them function as mini g-proxies). The point, reinforced by this latest study, is that Arithmetic is not a good strong indicator of a single CHC domain and has considerable construct irrelevant variance when interpreted within a CHC framework
Conflict of interest note - I am a coauthor of the WJ III which is a competitor to the WAIS-IV
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Tuesday, September 20, 2011
IRT-based clinical psychological assessment and test development
IRT based test development has been one of the most important psychometric developments during the past few decades.
This is a followup to a prior brief FYI post about an excellent review article regarding the benefits of IRT methods for psychological test development and interpretation. I have now read the article in depth and have provided additional comments and links via the IQs Reading blog feature.
Enjoy.
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Monday, September 19, 2011
FYiPOST: Top-Ten Recent SSRN Downloads
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Research Brief: Competence for trial a discrete or continuous dimension?
"In summary, our results suggest that a rational understanding of legal proceedings, as operationalized by performance on the Appreciation scale of the MacCAT–CA, represents a discrete functional ability rather than a continuously distributed construct."
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Sunday, September 18, 2011
Law Review Article: Scientific evidence in the courts--Dillhoff (2011) on the Daubert standard
Scientific evidence in the courts----the Daubert standard. New law review article added to Law Review Article blogroll.
Dillhoff, M. (2011). SCIENCE, LAW, AND TRUTH: DEFINING THE SCOPE OF THE DAUBERT TRILOGY. Notre Dame Law Review, 86(3), 1289-1317. Click here
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Free access to forensic articles
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Atkins MR/ID death penalty court decision: Update on Sasser v Hobb's (2011)
Here is the latest update for Sasser v Hobbs (2011). Click here for prior post and links to prior files.
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Saturday, September 17, 2011
Greenspan (2002) on MR/ID definition
I found a copy of Stephen Greenspan's 2002 chapter on his ideas for the definition of MR/ID at his website. He is a must read for all involved I the fields of MR/ID
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Greenspan on common sense/gullibility and MR/ID
Social intelligence. Social awareness. Foolish action. Common sense. Stephen Greenspan has single handedly advocated for the concept of gullibility to be the core defining feature of MR/ID within AAIDD. His terms have changed, but the concept has remained the same. Currently he is using the term common sense (lack of risk-awareness) to get at this core feature of ID.
His thinking and writings are important for all involved in Atkins cases. Thus, I was pleased to find a copy of one of his recent book chapters on this topic being available for download at his website.
(double click on images to enlarge)
Together with Switzy they have a newer paper "in preparation.". Once that is public I will feature it here at the ICDP blog.
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His thinking and writings are important for all involved in Atkins cases. Thus, I was pleased to find a copy of one of his recent book chapters on this topic being available for download at his website.
(double click on images to enlarge)
Together with Switzy they have a newer paper "in preparation.". Once that is public I will feature it here at the ICDP blog.
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Friday, September 16, 2011
FYiPOST: Disability Law Symposium-Mar 2012-Call for Proposals-UC, Berkeley
FYI-distributing as requested
<<<<<<<<<<PLEASE DISTRIBUTE WIDELY>>>>>>>>>>>
Call for Presentation Proposals:
Disability Law Symposium - Mar. 22-23, 2012 @ UC, Berkeley Boalt Hall
Rebranding Disability Law: The Intersection of Disability with Gender,
Race, Class and Other Identities
http://berkeleydisabilityrights.tumblr.com
Co-sponsors (partial list): Boalt Disability Law Society; Berkeley
Journal of Gender, Law & Justice; Thelton E. Henderson Center for Social
Justice; Disability Rights, Education & Defense Fund; UC, Berkeley
Disability Studies
Our focus is on the intersection of disability and other civil rights
constructs such as gender, sexuality, class, race, ethnicity and religion.
Presentations should be grounded in law (rights, discrimination, equity)
and/or public policy. Our goal is to "re-brand" the field of Disability
Rights to encourage students to think of this (1) as a subset of the
broader civil rights movement and (2) as part of the larger
disability-related disciplines at the University.
The tentative format will be a Thursday late afternoon keynote address by
Samuel Bagenstos ("Olmstead, Race, and Class") after introductory remarks
by Arlene Mayerson. Friday will include 3 panels of speakers (themes,
speakers & formats TBD) and a lunchtime keynote address by Carrie Griffin
Basas ("HIV Stigma/Sex(uality) Stigma"). On Thursday evening there will be
an informal discussion forum on current legal and policy issues and on
Friday a reception will be held at the Ed Roberts Campus after closing
remarks.
We are seeking approximately 9 presenters in addition to our keynoters,
with the hope that each panel will have a common theme. (Proposals can be
either for a single speaker or for a speaker and 1 or 2
respondents/discussants). The Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice
will publish suitable symposium papers, but it is not required that
presenters also submit a paper. Please email a 2-3 paragraph abstract to
srosenbaum@law.berkeley.edu no later than November 16, 2011 and indicate
whether you intend to submit a paper for publication. We regret that we
cannot guarantee funds for travel or accommodations for panelists.
With the recent funding of a Disability Initiative at UC, Berkeley, the
opening of the Ed Roberts Campus in Berkeley, and the continuing emphasis
on clinical and interdisciplinary legal education, we hope this symposium
will solidify the importance of Disability Rights within the curriculum at
BerkeleyLaw and sister law schools. We look forward to your proposals.
Thank you.
Plannning/Advisory Committee
Mary Lou Breslin
Claudia Center
Samantha Groden
Arlene Mayerson
Katy Merk
Francis Nugent
Victoria Plaut
Stephen Rosenbaum
Sue Schweik
Jonathan Simon
Shira Wakschlag
Wilda White
==============
Thursday, September 15, 2011
Book Nook: An Introduction to Psychometrics
People always ask me for recommendations for a good intro book on psychometrics. Until recently, there have been no such books. There are older texts by Thorndike and Nunally, and a boat load of highly topic-specific advanced books (IRT; factor analysis, etc.), but few books suitable for a first course in psychometrics.
I recently ordered the above book and have been skimming sections when I find time. I believe that this is probably one of the better contemporary introductory texts on psychometrics. I would recommend it to anyone wanting to learn more about the basics of psychometrics.
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Psychometric issues in Atkins MR/ID cases: The IAP AP101 report series
It is clear that many Atkins MR/ID death penalty decisions revolve around psychometric issues that many (but not all) attorneys, judges, and psychologists (who do assessments) are not well versed. Recurring issues in many cases are norm obsolescence (Flynn Effect), standard error of measurement (SEM), practice effects, full-scale vs component part scores, differences between IQs from different tests, to name but a few.
I always think that once I've posted an Applied Psychometrics 101 working paper, all who visit the ICDP blog will easily find the materials. But, I still receive regular phone calls and questions suggesting that my assumption is not correct.
Thus, the purpose of this post is to remind those looking for some information on some of the recurring psychometric issues that a series of reports are available for download. They are listed on the right side of the blogroll, as can bee seen in the image below.(double click on image to enlarge)
To make this info accessible again, I have created a link here that when clicked will provide the readers with all blog posts that reference the reports and provide report-specific links.
I have a couple of new reports "in limbo" and hope to find time in the near future to add more.
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